Traditional and new forms of organisation and representation in the platform economy

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 12, Issue 2

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Traditional and new forms of organisation and representation in the platform economy

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research-article

Author(s): Karolien Lenaerts , Zachary Kilhoffer , Mehtap Akgüç

Publication date (Print): Winter 2018

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: platform economy, trade unions, new forms of organisation, industrial relations, social dialogue

Abstract

This article investigates whether the existing frameworks of industrial relations and social dialogue can also be applied to work in the platform economy. It further questions what role the traditional Social Partners can play in dealing with the challenges of this new form of work. The article maps new forms of organisation, of both workers and platforms, and explores how these interact with the traditional actors and structures. While organising platform workers is difficult, numerous successful efforts to do so exist, including by grassroots organisations, worker cooperatives and formal unions. All of these, to different degrees, perform similar functions to those of traditional Social Partners.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Winter 2018

Volume: 12

Issue: 2

Pages: 60-78

Article

Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.12.2.0060

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.12.2.0060

SO-VID: 13293068-9cb1-4f0a-99fe-c8127b6f97f5

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

References

Al-Ani, A. & S. Stumpp (2015) Motivationen und Durchsetzung von Interessen auf kommerziellen Plattformen. Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter Kreativ- und IT-Crowdworkern , Alexander von Humboldt Institut für Internet und Gesellschaft, Berlin.
Aloisi, A. (2016) ‘Commoditized workers. Case study research on labour law issues arising from a set of “on-demand/gig economy” platforms’, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal , 37 (3): 653–90.
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Codagnone, C., F. Biagi & F. Abadie (2016) ‘The passions and the interests: Unpacking the “sharing economy”’, JRC Science for Policy Report, Joint Research Centre, Seville.
De Groen, W.P., Z. Kilhoffer & K. Lenaerts (2018) ‘Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work’, Eurofound Working Paper, Germany: National context analysis.
De Groen, W.P., K. Lenaerts, R. Bosc & F. Paquier (2017) ‘Impact of digitalisation and the on-demand economy on labour markets and the consequences for employment and industrial relations’, Paper prepared for the Employers’ Group of the European Economic and Social Committee, August.
De Groen, W.P., I. Maselli & B. Fabo (2016) ‘The digital market for local services: A one-night stand for workers? An example from the on-demand economy’, CEPS Special Report No. 133, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, April.
Degryse, C. (2016) ‘Digitalisation of the economy & its impact on labour markets’, ETUI Working Paper 2016.02, ETUI, Brussels.
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Huws, U., N.H. Spencer & S. Joyce (2016) ‘Crowd work in Europe: Preliminary results from a survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands’, Brussels: FEPS Studies, December.
Jauch, M. (2017) Lieferservice – Kollaps der Pizzaboten . Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.freitag.de/autoren/matthias-jauch/kollaps-der-pizzaboten.
Jorens, Y. & T. van Buynder (2008) ‘Self-employment and bogus self-employment in the European construction industry’, Expert Report, European Social Partners for the Construction Industry (EFBWW and FIEC) and DG for Employment and Social Affairs of the European Commission. Accessed November 7, 2014 from http://www.efbww.org/pdfs/annex%208%20-%20Brochure%20part%201%20%5BEN%5D.pdf.
Karanovic, J., H. Berends & Y. Engel (2017) ‘Is platform capitalism doomed? Ask the workers–Framing and legitimation of new forms of organizing in the on-demand economy’, Paper presented at WINIR 2017 , Utrecht, The Netherlands, September.
Kilhoffer, Z. & K. Lenaerts (2017) ‘What is happening with platform workers’ rights? Lessons from Belgium’, CEPS Commentaries, CEPS, Brussels, November. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.ceps.eu/publications/what-happening-platform-workers-rights-lessons-belgium.
Kilhoffer, Z., K. Lenaerts & M. Beblavý (2017) ‘The platform economy and industrial relations: Applying the old framework to the new reality’, CEPS Commentaries, CEPS, Brussels, November.
Leblond, C. & V. Voldoire (2017), ‘Ces livreurs à vélo qui veulent s'affranchier des plateforms’, Itinéraire bis. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/itineraire-bis/ces-livreurs-velo-qui-veulent-saffranchir-des-plateformes.
Lenaerts, K., W.P. De Groen, Z. Kilhoffer, R. Bosc & N. Salez (2018) ‘Online Talent Platforms, Labour Market Intermediaries and the Changing World of Work’, World Employment Confederation and UNI Europa. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.ceps.eu/publications/online-talent-platforms-labour-market-intermediaries-and-changing-world-work.
Osborne, H. (2016) ‘Uber loses right to classify UK drivers as self-employed’, The Guardian , October 28. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/28/uber-uk-tribunal-self-employed-status.
Parsons, M. (2016) ‘Freelancing collaboratively? Introducing CoPitch’, Outlandish Blog. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://outlandish.com/blog/freelance-collaboratively-introducing-copitch/.
Paulo, T.S. (2017) ‘Our top testers talk crowdworking with IG Metall’, Testbirds Blog. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://blog.testbirds.com/our-top-testers-talk-crowdwork/.
Prassl, J. & M. Risak (2016) ‘Uber, askrabbitt, & co: Platforms as employers? Rethinking the legal analysis of crowdwork’, Comparing Labour Law & Policy Journal , 619–37. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cllpj37&div=39&id=&page=.
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Rogers, B. (2016) ‘Employment rights in the platform economy: Getting back to basics’, Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015–33. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2641305.
Scheiber, N. (2017) ‘Uber has a union of sorts, but faces doubts on its autonomy’, The New York Times , May 12. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/business/economy/uber-drivers-union.html.
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Schmidt, F.A. (2017) ‘Arbeitsmä rkte in der Plattformökonomie – Zur Funktionsweise und den Herausforderungen von Crowdwork und Gigwork’, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Bonn.
Sheehan, M. & A. McNamara (2015) ‘Business start-ups & youth self employment. A policy literature review synthesis report’, Working Paper 7, Brighton: University of Brighton, April.
Silberman, M.S. & L. Irani (2016) ‘Operating an employer reputation system: Lessons from Turkopticon, 2008–2015’, University of California, San Diego, February. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2729498.
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Vandaele, K. (2017) ‘Belgique. Les syndicats sur le qui-vive pour soutenir les travailleurs des plateformes: l'exemple des livreurs de repas’, Chronique internationale de IRES , 160:85–100.
Vandaele, K. (2018) ‘Will trade unions survive in the platform economy? Emerging patterns of platform workers’ collective voice & representation in Europe’, ETUI Working Paper 2018.05, Noisy-le-Grand Cedex, France: IRES.
Vandaele, K. & J. Leschke (2010) ‘Following the “organising model” of British unions? Organising non-standard workers in Germany and the Netherlands’, ETUI Working Paper 2010.02, Brussels: ETUI.
Vedrenne, G. (2016) ‘Ce que la grève des VTC révèle de “l'uberisation”’, Europe1 , December 15. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://www.europe1.fr/economie/la-greve-des-vtc-revelatrice-des-defis-poses-par-luberisation-2927663.
Visser, J. (2011) ‘Data base on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention & social pacts, 1960–2010 (ICTWSS)’, University of Amsterdam. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://archive.uva-aias.net/uploaded_files/regular/ICTWSScodebook50-2.pdf.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Al-Ani, A. & S. Stumpp (2015) Motivationen und Durchsetzung von Interessen auf kommerziellen Plattformen. Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter Kreativ- und IT-Crowdworkern , Alexander von Humboldt Institut für Internet und Gesellschaft, Berlin.

[2] Aloisi, A. (2016) ‘Commoditized workers. Case study research on labour law issues arising from a set of “on-demand/gig economy” platforms’, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal , 37 (3): 653–90.

[3] Benner, K. (2017) ‘Inside the hotel industry's plan to combat Airbnb’, The New York Times , October 16. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/16/technology/inside-the-hotel-industrys-plan-to-combat-airbnb.html.

[4] Carneiro, B. (2018) ‘Trade unions & Facebook: The need to improve dialogue and expand networks’, ETUI Policy Brief, No. 5/2018, ETUI, Brussels.

[5] Cheselina, O. (2017) Platform Economy as a Challenge for Social Security in Germany , Munich: Max Planck Institute for Social Law & Social Policy.

[6] Codagnone, C., F. Biagi & F. Abadie (2016) ‘The passions and the interests: Unpacking the “sharing economy”’, JRC Science for Policy Report, Joint Research Centre, Seville.

[7] De Groen, W.P., Z. Kilhoffer & K. Lenaerts (2018) ‘Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work’, Eurofound Working Paper, Germany: National context analysis.

[8] De Groen, W.P., K. Lenaerts, R. Bosc & F. Paquier (2017) ‘Impact of digitalisation and the on-demand economy on labour markets and the consequences for employment and industrial relations’, Paper prepared for the Employers’ Group of the European Economic and Social Committee, August.

[9] De Groen, W.P., I. Maselli & B. Fabo (2016) ‘The digital market for local services: A one-night stand for workers? An example from the on-demand economy’, CEPS Special Report No. 133, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, April.

[10] Degryse, C. (2016) ‘Digitalisation of the economy & its impact on labour markets’, ETUI Working Paper 2016.02, ETUI, Brussels.

[11] Deutscher Bundestag (2015) ‘Rechtsfragen zum Crowdsourcing’, Sachstand WD 6-3000-156/14. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.bundestag.de/blob/406942/2aaf68d8454b9ac2accf79818b4b9809/wd-6-156-14-pdf-data.pdf.

[12] Deutscher Crowdsourcing Verband (2017) ‘Crowdsourcing Code of Conduct’, Munich, October. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://crowdsourcing-code.com/.

[13] Drahokoupil, J. & B. Fabo (2016) ‘The platform economy and the disruption of the employment relationship’, Research Paper–Policy brief, Brussels: European Trade Union Institute, July 14.

[14] Eurofound (2018a) ‘Employment & working conditions of selected types of platform work’, Eurofound, Luxembourg.

[15] Eurofound (2018b) ‘Platform work: Types & implications for work and employment – Literature review’, Eurofound Working Paper, Eurofound, Dublin.

[16] European Commission (2015a) Employment & Social Developments in Europe 2015 , Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

[17] European Commission (2015b) Industrial Relations in Europe 2014 , Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

[18] European Commission (2016) ‘A European agenda for the collaborative economy’, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic & Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM (2016) 356 final, Brussels, June. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/16881/attachments/2/translations/en/renditions/pdf.

[19] Fair Crowd Work (2016) ‘Frankfurter Erklä rung zu plattformbasierter Arbeit. Vorschlä ge für Plattformbetreiber, Kunden, politische Entscheidungsträ ger, Beschä ftigte und Arbeitnehmerorganisationen’, Declaration, Frankfurt, December. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.igmetall.de/docs_20161214_Frankfurt_Paper_on_Platform_Based_Work_DE_1c33819e1e90d2d09e531a61a572a0a423a93455.pdf.

[20] Fair Crowd Work (2017a), Kennen Sie Ihre Rechte? Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://faircrowd.work/de/unions-for-crowdworkers/know-your-rights/.

[21] Fair Crowd Work (2017b) Ombuds Office for German Crowdsourcing Platforms Established . Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://faircrowd.work/2017/11/08/ombudsstelle-fuer-crowdworking-plattformen-vereinbart/.

[22] Freie Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiter-Union (2016) ‘www.fau.org Freie Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiter Union (FAU)’. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.fau.org/artikel/art_161227-133014.

[23] Goudin, P. (2016) ‘The cost of non-Europe in the sharing economy: Economic, social & legal challenges and opportunities’, Think Tank, European Parliamentary Research Service. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_STU(2016)558777.

[24] Heckscher, C., S. Horowitz & A. Erickson (2010) ‘Civil society and the provision of services: The freelancers union experience’, in D. Finegold, M. Gatta, H. Salzman & S.J. Schurman (eds) Transforming the U.S. Workforce Development System: Lessons from Research and Practice , Ithaca: Labor and Employment Relations Association:237–60.

[25] Huws, U., N.H. Spencer & S. Joyce (2016) ‘Crowd work in Europe: Preliminary results from a survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands’, Brussels: FEPS Studies, December.

[26] Jauch, M. (2017) Lieferservice – Kollaps der Pizzaboten . Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.freitag.de/autoren/matthias-jauch/kollaps-der-pizzaboten.

[27] Jorens, Y. & T. van Buynder (2008) ‘Self-employment and bogus self-employment in the European construction industry’, Expert Report, European Social Partners for the Construction Industry (EFBWW and FIEC) and DG for Employment and Social Affairs of the European Commission. Accessed November 7, 2014 from http://www.efbww.org/pdfs/annex%208%20-%20Brochure%20part%201%20%5BEN%5D.pdf.

[28] Karanovic, J., H. Berends & Y. Engel (2017) ‘Is platform capitalism doomed? Ask the workers–Framing and legitimation of new forms of organizing in the on-demand economy’, Paper presented at WINIR 2017 , Utrecht, The Netherlands, September.

[29] Kilhoffer, Z. & K. Lenaerts (2017) ‘What is happening with platform workers’ rights? Lessons from Belgium’, CEPS Commentaries, CEPS, Brussels, November. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.ceps.eu/publications/what-happening-platform-workers-rights-lessons-belgium.

[30] Kilhoffer, Z., K. Lenaerts & M. Beblavý (2017) ‘The platform economy and industrial relations: Applying the old framework to the new reality’, CEPS Commentaries, CEPS, Brussels, November.

[31] Leblond, C. & V. Voldoire (2017), ‘Ces livreurs à vélo qui veulent s'affranchier des plateforms’, Itinéraire bis. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/itineraire-bis/ces-livreurs-velo-qui-veulent-saffranchir-des-plateformes.

[32] Lenaerts, K., W.P. De Groen, Z. Kilhoffer, R. Bosc & N. Salez (2018) ‘Online Talent Platforms, Labour Market Intermediaries and the Changing World of Work’, World Employment Confederation and UNI Europa. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.ceps.eu/publications/online-talent-platforms-labour-market-intermediaries-and-changing-world-work.

[33] Osborne, H. (2016) ‘Uber loses right to classify UK drivers as self-employed’, The Guardian , October 28. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/28/uber-uk-tribunal-self-employed-status.

[34] Parsons, M. (2016) ‘Freelancing collaboratively? Introducing CoPitch’, Outlandish Blog. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://outlandish.com/blog/freelance-collaboratively-introducing-copitch/.

[35] Paulo, T.S. (2017) ‘Our top testers talk crowdworking with IG Metall’, Testbirds Blog. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://blog.testbirds.com/our-top-testers-talk-crowdwork/.

[36] Prassl, J. & M. Risak (2016) ‘Uber, askrabbitt, & co: Platforms as employers? Rethinking the legal analysis of crowdwork’, Comparing Labour Law & Policy Journal , 619–37. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cllpj37&div=39&id=&page=.

[37] Robbins, H. (2014) ‘Outlandish is becoming a co-operative consortium’, Outlandish Blog. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://outlandish.com/blog/outlandish-4-0-outlandish-is-becoming-a-co-operative-consortium/.

[38] Rogers, B. (2016) ‘Employment rights in the platform economy: Getting back to basics’, Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015–33. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2641305.

[39] Scheiber, N. (2017) ‘Uber has a union of sorts, but faces doubts on its autonomy’, The New York Times , May 12. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/12/business/economy/uber-drivers-union.html.

[40] Schmidt, F.A. (2015) ‘The design of creative crowdwork: From tools for empowerment to platform capitalism’, London: Royal College of Art, June.

[41] Schmidt, F.A. (2017) ‘Arbeitsmä rkte in der Plattformökonomie – Zur Funktionsweise und den Herausforderungen von Crowdwork und Gigwork’, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Bonn.

[42] Sheehan, M. & A. McNamara (2015) ‘Business start-ups & youth self employment. A policy literature review synthesis report’, Working Paper 7, Brighton: University of Brighton, April.

[43] Silberman, M.S. & L. Irani (2016) ‘Operating an employer reputation system: Lessons from Turkopticon, 2008–2015’, University of California, San Diego, February. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2729498.

[44] Steinman, L. (2017) ‘La Poste innove pour la protection sociale des coursiers de Stuart’, LesEchos. fr , November 6. Accessed October 15, 2018 from https://www.lesechos.fr/06/11/2017/lesechos.fr/030832342581_la-poste-innove-pour-la-protection-sociale-des-coursiers-destuart.htm.

[45] Vandaele, K. (2017) ‘Belgique. Les syndicats sur le qui-vive pour soutenir les travailleurs des plateformes: l'exemple des livreurs de repas’, Chronique internationale de IRES , 160:85–100.

[46] Vandaele, K. (2018) ‘Will trade unions survive in the platform economy? Emerging patterns of platform workers’ collective voice & representation in Europe’, ETUI Working Paper 2018.05, Noisy-le-Grand Cedex, France: IRES.

[47] Vandaele, K. & J. Leschke (2010) ‘Following the “organising model” of British unions? Organising non-standard workers in Germany and the Netherlands’, ETUI Working Paper 2010.02, Brussels: ETUI.

[48] Vedrenne, G. (2016) ‘Ce que la grève des VTC révèle de “l'uberisation”’, Europe1 , December 15. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://www.europe1.fr/economie/la-greve-des-vtc-revelatrice-des-defis-poses-par-luberisation-2927663.

[49] Visser, J. (2011) ‘Data base on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention & social pacts, 1960–2010 (ICTWSS)’, University of Amsterdam. Accessed October 15, 2018 from http://archive.uva-aias.net/uploaded_files/regular/ICTWSScodebook50-2.pdf.

Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Traditional and new forms of organisation and representation in the platform economy

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